Adolescents who report having had a history of TBI also report having had more physical injuries than their peer who do not have a TBI. Trauma to the head during adolescence, while the brain is still developing, has been shown to lead to poor quality of life indicators in the areas of cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and social development. TBIs are particularly common among males and during sport activities. These injuries co-occur with alcohol use, binge drinking, use of energy drinks mixed with alcohol, hazardous drinking, other substance use, low school grades, mental health issues, violent and anti-social behaviors. Results from both Canada and US show that about 22% or 20% of adolescents sustain a TBI in their lifetime, respectively, and as many as 5.5% have multiple injuries.

Recent reports show that 15 to 19 year-olds have some of the highest emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths related to TBIs compared to any other age group. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among adolescents have been identified as a significant global public health issue in the past 15 years. Cusiman, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – review & editing 4, 6 Adlaf, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing, 3 Mark Asbridge, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing, 1 Hayley Hamilton, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 3, 4 Jürgen Rehm, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, 3, 4 Robert Rutledge, Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 5 and Michael D.

Mann, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 3, 4 Edward M.

Gabriela Ilie, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1, * Michelle Trenholm, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 2 Angela Boak, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing, 3 Robert E.

Brain injury out of work 2 years